Also, treatment failures and acute renal injury are attributable to infection caused by P. in ) and cases of death in immunocompromised patients. Although rarely associated with severe malaria, there are cases of nephrotic syndrome related to P. The adaptive success is characteristic of the slow biological cycle that favors its survival for long periods in the host organism without being noticed. malariae as one of the oldest parasites that cause malaria. ovale infections, there is no evidence of latent liver stage forms (hypnozoites). malariae may persist asymptomatically in the infected individual for long periods, but it may also result in sequelae after decades without being perceived by the carrier. The combination of these factors may be a trigger for the earlier development of an immune response by the host. falciparum), lower number of merozoites produced per erythrocyte cycle, and its preference for developing in older erythrocytes. vivax perhaps due to its longer developmental cycle (72 h for P. malariae infections are usually low compared to those in patients infected with P. These and humans have high levels of seropositivity for P. brasilianum, a parasite that infects twelve different genera of New World primates. malariae is associated with zoonotic infections, and is easily confounded with P. In general, the distribution coincides with that of P. malariae is a cosmopolitan parasite that does not develop below 15☌ and is described in tropical and subtropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, South America, much of Southeast Asia, Indonesia, and in many islands of the western Pacific. Plasmodium malariae was the first malaria parasite observed in 1881 by Charles Laveran, Nobel Prize winner for discovering the cause of malaria. YBE was sponsored by Programa Estudantes-Convênio de Pós-Graduação – PEC-PG, CAPES/CNPq – Brasil.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.įunding: This work was supported by a grant from Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP 2016/04559-0).
Received: MaAccepted: JPublished: July 25, 2019Ĭopyright: © 2019 Elizardez et al. PLoS ONE 14(7):Įditor: Takafumi Tsuboi, Ehime Daigaku, JAPAN
(2019) Recombinant proteins of Plasmodium malariae merozoite surface protein 1 (PmMSP1): Testing immunogenicity in the BALB/c model and potential use as diagnostic tool. Citation: Elizardez YB, Fotoran WL, Junior AJG, Curado I, Junior NK, Monteiro EF, et al.